•Symbolic View of Management
ØMuch of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers’ control.
ØThe ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors.
vThe economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions,
technology, and the actions of
previous managers
technology, and the actions of
previous managers
ØManagers symbolize control and
influence through their action.
influence through their action.